Role of Oral Literature – Meghalaya PCS Free Notes

Meghalaya, the "Abode of the Clouds," is a state in Northeast India renowned for its lush landscapes, unique culture, and rich oral traditions. For centuries, the indigenous communities of Meghalaya have relied on oral literature to transmit history, knowledge, and cultural values across generations. This article delves into the pivotal role of oral literature in Meghalaya, focusing on its preservation of history and the impact of epic stories on medieval society.

Oral Literature: The Living History of Meghalaya

In Meghalaya, where written records were scarce in the past, oral literature served as the primary repository of historical knowledge. Folktales, songs, chants, and epic poems, passed down through generations, have preserved the collective memory of the people, their origins, migrations, wars, and significant events.
Key Roles of Oral Literature:

Historical Record: Oral traditions act as a living historical record, preserving details of the past that might otherwise be lost. Genealogies, accounts of battles, and stories of community heroes are all woven into the fabric of oral literature.

Cultural Transmission: Oral literature is vital for transmitting cultural values, social norms, and traditional knowledge. Folktales often contain moral lessons, while songs and chants celebrate festivals, rituals, and important life events.

Social Cohesion: Shared stories and traditions create a sense of community and belonging. Oral performances bring people together, reinforcing social bonds and cultural identity.

Entertainment: Beyond its historical and cultural significance, oral literature provides entertainment and enjoyment. Storytelling sessions, often accompanied by music and dance, are a vital part of social gatherings and celebrations.

Preserving History Through Oral Traditions

The indigenous communities of Meghalaya, including the Khasis, Jaintias, and Garos, have distinct oral traditions that have played a crucial role in preserving their unique histories.

Khasis: The Khasis possess a rich tradition of folktales and legends centered around their ancestress, 'Ka Iawbei.' These stories often feature mythical creatures and natural elements, reflecting the close relationship between the Khasis and their environment.

Jaintias: The Jaintias have a strong tradition of ballad singing, known as 'Phawar.' These ballads often narrate historical events, love stories, and social issues, providing valuable insights into the Jaintia past.

Garos: The Garos possess a wealth of oral literature, including creation myths, folktales, and songs. Their epic poem, 'The Song of Garo,' recounts the history and migration of the Garo people.

Methods of Preservation:

Community Elders: The responsibility of preserving oral traditions typically lies with community elders, who memorize and transmit the stories to younger generations.

Rituals and Festivals: Many oral traditions are performed during rituals and festivals, ensuring their continuity and relevance in contemporary society.

Modern Documentation: Efforts are being made to document and preserve oral literature through audio recordings, written transcriptions, and digital archives.

Epic Stories and Their Impact on Medieval Society

Epic poems hold a special place in the oral literature of Meghalaya. These lengthy narratives, often recounting the heroic deeds of legendary figures, had a profound impact on medieval society.

The Song of Garo: This Garo epic narrates the journey of their ancestors from Tibet to their present homeland. It instilled a sense of identity and unity among the Garos, while also providing a code of conduct and moral guidance.

Ka Myllung: This Khasi epic tells the story of a powerful warrior who defends his people from enemies. It served as a source of inspiration and pride, promoting bravery, loyalty, and a strong sense of community.

Impact on Medieval Society:

Social Values: Epic stories reinforced social values such as courage, honor, and respect for elders. They also provided models for behavior and leadership.

Political Authority: Epic heroes often served as role models for rulers and warriors, legitimizing their authority and inspiring loyalty.

Cultural Identity: Epics played a crucial role in shaping and preserving cultural identity, reminding people of their shared history and heritage.

Religious Beliefs: Many epics incorporated elements of mythology and cosmology, reinforcing religious beliefs and practices.

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