Physiographic Divisions of Meghalaya – Meghalaya PCS Free Notes

Meghalaya, aptly named "The Abode of the Clouds", is a state in Northeast India characterized by its diverse and complex physiography. The state is predominantly a plateau, deeply dissected by rivers and streams, resulting in a landscape of dramatic relief. This article provides an in-depth look at the physiographic divisions of Meghalaya, exploring their unique characteristics and significance.

Broad Physiographic Regions

Meghalaya can be broadly divided into two main physiographic regions:

The Garo Hills: Occupying the western part of the state, the Garo Hills are generally lower in elevation than the Khasi-Jaintia Hills. They are characterized by a series of parallel ridges and valleys running in a north-south direction. Nokrek Peak, the highest point in the Garo Hills, rises to an elevation of 1,412 meters. The region is known for its dense forests, rich biodiversity, and unique cultural heritage.

The Khasi-Jaintia Hills: Located in the central and eastern parts of the state, the Khasi-Jaintia Hills are higher in elevation and more rugged than the Garo Hills. Shillong Peak, the highest point in Meghalaya, stands tall at 1,965 meters in this region. The Khasi-Jaintia Hills are further divided into distinct zones:

Northern Undulating Hills: This zone comprises the northern part of the Khasi Hills, with elevations ranging from 170 to 820 meters. The hills gradually merge with the Brahmaputra Valley in the north.

Central Upland Zone: Forming the core of the Meghalaya plateau, this zone has elevations ranging from 1,500 to 2,083 meters. It is characterized by rolling uplands, deep gorges, and river valleys.

Southern Plateau: This zone is characterized by a plateau surface that slopes gently towards the south. It is marked by numerous waterfalls and caves, making it a popular tourist destination.

Geological Significance

The physiography of Meghalaya is closely linked to its geological history. The state is part of the Indian Peninsular Plateau, formed of ancient Precambrian rocks. These rocks have been subjected to various tectonic forces and erosional processes over millions of years, leading to the formation of the present-day landscape. The presence of limestone and sandstone formations has resulted in the development of karst topography, characterized by caves, sinkholes, and underground rivers.

Impact on Climate and Biodiversity

The physiography of Meghalaya plays a crucial role in shaping its climate and biodiversity. The elevation and orientation of the hills influence rainfall patterns, creating a unique microclimate. The central plateau receives the highest rainfall, while the northern and southern slopes experience a drier climate. This variation in climate supports a wide range of flora and fauna, making Meghalaya a biodiversity hotspot.

Human-Environment Interaction

The people of Meghalaya have adapted to the challenging terrain and unique environment. Traditional agricultural practices, such as shifting cultivation, have been shaped by the physiography. The steep slopes and abundant rainfall have also led to the development of unique water management systems. However, human activities, such as deforestation and mining, have also impacted the fragile ecosystem.

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