Economic Activities – Meghalaya PCS Free Notes

Meghalaya, often referred to as the "Abode of Clouds," is one of Indias most picturesque states, known for its natural beauty and rich cultural heritage. The states economy primarily depends on agriculture, natural resource mining, and small-scale industries. While Meghalaya is agriculturally significant, its economic activities have diversified with increased mining and resource utilization.

Expansion of Agriculture and Irrigation Techniques

1. Importance of Agriculture in Meghalaya

Agriculture is the backbone of Meghalaya's economy, employing more than 70% of the population. The state's terrain, characterized by highlands, foothills, and valleys, creates a unique agricultural ecosystem. Farmers practice shifting cultivation (jhum), terrace farming, and mixed cropping.

2. Major Crops in Meghalaya

Food Crops: Rice, maize, and millets are staples cultivated widely.

Cash Crops: Ginger, turmeric, areca nut, black pepper, and bay leaves contribute significantly to the state's economy.

Horticulture: Meghalaya's favorable climate supports the cultivation of oranges, pineapples, and other fruits.

Vegetables and Spices: Meghalaya is famous for its high-quality turmeric, known as 'Lakadong turmeric,' with its high curcumin content.

3. Expansion of Irrigation Techniques

The traditional methods of agriculture are being modernized with the adoption of scientific irrigation techniques.

a. Check Dams and Canals

The state government has constructed numerous check dams and irrigation canals to improve water availability during dry seasons.

b. Micro-irrigation

Techniques like drip irrigation and sprinkler systems are promoted to optimize water use in areas with uneven rainfall.

c. Integrated Watershed Management

Efforts are made to enhance water retention in hilly terrains through watershed management programs.

4. Agricultural Schemes and Policies

Government initiatives like the Meghalaya State Agriculture Policy 2020 aim to increase productivity, promote organic farming, and modernize agriculture. Key programs include:

Mission Organic Meghalaya: Encourages organic farming practices.

Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM): Provides financial assistance for farm machinery.

Mining and Use of Natural Resources in Meghalaya

Meghalaya is endowed with rich natural resources, which have been a cornerstone of its economic activities. Mining plays a crucial role in the state's economy, although it has been a subject of environmental concern.

1. Major Mineral Resources in Meghalaya

Limestone: Meghalaya has the largest limestone reserves in India, primarily in the districts of East Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills, and West Khasi Hills.

Coal: Known for its high-calorific value, Meghalaya's coal is found in Jaintia Hills, West Khasi Hills, and South Garo Hills.

Uranium: Deposits in the West Khasi Hills region are of strategic importance.

Other Minerals: Silica sand, clay, and quartz contribute to the mining sector.

2. Mining Techniques and Practices

Mining in Meghalaya is carried out through both traditional and modern techniques.

a. Rat-Hole Mining

This traditional method involves digging narrow vertical shafts to extract coal. Despite its efficiency, it is highly hazardous and was banned by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in 2014 due to environmental degradation and unsafe working conditions.

b. Open-Cast Mining

This method is commonly used for limestone extraction, offering safer and more environmentally friendly alternatives.

c. Scientific Mining Practices

Recent policies emphasize environmentally sustainable mining methods with proper land reclamation and waste management.

3. Utilization of Limestone

Limestone is a critical natural resource for Meghalaya and is extensively used in industries such as:

Cement Manufacturing: Meghalaya is home to numerous cement plants that utilize locally sourced limestone.

Construction: Limestone is used for road construction and building materials.

Lime Production: Local industries produce quicklime for various applications.

4. Environmental and Social Impact of Mining

While mining contributes significantly to the economy, it has caused challenges such as:

Deforestation: Large-scale mining activities have led to the loss of forest cover.

Water Pollution: Acid mine drainage has contaminated local water bodies.

Health Hazards: Exposure to mining dust has led to respiratory issues among workers and nearby residents.

Displacement of Indigenous Communities: Mining has impacted traditional lifestyles and livelihoods.

5. Regulatory Framework for Mining

To address these challenges, the Meghalaya government has implemented stringent policies:

The Meghalaya Mines and Minerals Policy, 2012: Encourages sustainable mining practices and rehabilitation of mined areas.

Ban on Illegal Mining: Efforts to regulate unauthorized mining activities have been intensified post-NGT intervention.

6. Sustainable Development Initiatives

The focus has shifted toward environmentally friendly mining with community participation:

Reforestation Projects: Reclaiming mined land for afforestation.

Mine Waste Management: Techniques like tailings recycling are being adopted.

Skill Development: Programs to train local communities in alternative livelihoods.

Challenges and Future Prospects

1. Challenges

Limited arable land due to hilly terrain.

Environmental degradation from mining.

Dependence on traditional agricultural practices with low productivity.

Lack of access to modern irrigation in remote areas.

2. Future Prospects

Diversifying crops and introducing high-yield varieties can boost agricultural income.

Expanding organic farming to cater to domestic and international markets.

Implementing stricter regulations to make mining eco-friendly and sustainable.

Promoting agro-based industries and mineral-based industries to generate employment

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