Mythology and Oral Traditions – Meghalaya PCS Free Notes

Meghalaya, the "Abode of Clouds," is not only renowned for its breathtaking landscapes but also for its rich cultural tapestry. At the heart of this cultural heritage lies the mythology and oral traditions of its indigenous tribes, notably the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo. These oral traditions, passed down through generations, serve as repositories of the tribes' cosmological beliefs, historical narratives, and societal norms.

1. Creation Myths of the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Tribes

1.1 Khasi Creation Myth

The Khasi people, one of the major tribes in Meghalaya, have a profound creation myth centered around the sacred connection between humans, nature, and the divine.
The Golden Ladder Myth:
The Khasis believe that their ancestors once lived in the celestial realm with the Creator. A golden ladder, known as the "Jingkieng Ksiar," connected the earth and the heavens, allowing the tribes to commune freely with the divine. However, human disobedience and greed led to the severing of this sacred link, causing humanity to be confined to the earthly realm. This myth emphasizes harmony with nature and the importance of maintaining divine laws.
U Thawlang and Creation of the Earth:
Another version tells of U Thawlang, the first man, and his journey to shape the world. According to this myth, U Thawlang worked with supernatural beings to carve out the earth, mountains, and rivers, laying the foundation for life on earth.

1.2 Jaintia Creation Myth

The Jaintias, closely related to the Khasi tribe, have their unique interpretations of creation:
Ka Blei Synshar (The Divine Ruler):
According to Jaintia mythology, Ka Blei, the supreme deity, created the world as a harmonious dwelling for humans, animals, and spirits. However, conflicts between these beings led to the division of domains: humans took the earth, animals the forests, and spirits the netherworld. This myth highlights coexistence and respect for other forms of life.
The Seven Families Myth:
A recurring theme in Jaintia lore is the story of seven divine families descending to earth to populate and sustain the land. This narrative underlines the tribes deep connection to their sacred groves and ancestral rituals.

1.3 Garo Creation Myth

The Garo tribe, known for their vibrant festivals and warrior traditions, has a creation myth that intertwines with their agrarian lifestyle.
The Myth of Nokma Saljong:
The Garo believe in a primordial being, Saljong, the Sun God, who created the earth as a fertile ground for humans to thrive. He sent seeds of crops, animals, and tools for agriculture, ensuring the survival of humanity. This myth underscores the tribes reliance on agriculture and their reverence for natural resources.
Memang Narang (Spirit Stories):
Many Garo myths revolve around spirits like Memang Narang, who assisted humans in the creation and settlement of the land. These spirits also protect the forests and rivers, serving as custodians of nature.

2. Role of Folklore in Preserving Ancient History

Oral traditions are the lifeblood of Meghalayas cultural and historical identity. For centuries, these tribes have used storytelling, songs, dances, and rituals to preserve their history and transmit their values.

2.1 Guardians of Ancestral Knowledge

Oral Storytelling:
Folktales, such as those about the hero U Sier Lapalang among the Khasis or the brave Pa Togan Nengminja among the Garos, serve as chronicles of the tribes' origins, struggles, and triumphs. These stories often blend mythology with historical events, ensuring the survival of tribal history in an engaging and memorable format.
Genealogical Narratives:
Many tribes maintain detailed genealogies through oral recitation. For instance, the Khasi practice of recounting family lineages (known as "Ki Khun Ki Kpoh") not only preserves familial ties but also reinforces clan identities.

2.2 Folklore as Societal Code

Moral Teachings:
Folktales often carry moral lessons, such as respect for elders, honesty, and the importance of community. The Khasi story of "Ka Likai," for example, warns against impulsive decisions and the consequences of harboring unchecked emotions.
Conflict Resolution:
Myths often act as a guide for conflict resolution. The Garo tale of "Chibok and Salsong" emphasizes diplomacy and the value of cooperation over violence.

2.3 Preserving Ecological Wisdom

Sacred Groves and Nature Worship:
The Khasi and Jaintia tribes have sacred groves, believed to be the dwelling places of gods and spirits. Stories associated with these groves, such as the legend of Mawphlang Sacred Forest, are passed down to discourage deforestation and promote conservation.
Agricultural Practices:
Myths surrounding deities like Saljong or rituals such as Wangala (harvest festival) among the Garos preserve ancient agricultural wisdom. They dictate sowing and harvesting cycles, ensuring sustainability.

2.4 Reinforcing Cultural Identity

Festivals and Rituals:
Festivals like the Khasi "Nongkrem" dance or the Garo "Wangala" festival are not merely celebrations but reenactments of mythological events. They bind the community together and provide a platform for collective memory.
Traditional Songs and Dances:
The oral recitation of songs, like the "O Pnar" songs of the Jaintias, keeps alive the language, dialects, and literary traditions of these tribes. These performances are imbued with metaphors and symbols from their mythology.

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